chapter 30

• The seed arose about 360 million years ago.
  • Seed plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms, have come to dominate modern landscapes and make up the great majority of plant biodiversity.
• Agriculture, the cultivation and harvest of plants (especially angiosperms), began 13,000 years ago.
  • Humans began the cultivation of plants independently in various regions, including the Near East, East Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
  • This was the single most important cultural change in the history of humanity, and it made possible the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to permanent settlements.

The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in Figure 30.1. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.

Figure 30.1

In Figure 30.1, which number represents the mature gametophyte?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
E) 11

In Figure 30.1, which number represents an embryo?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 9
E) 11

Meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s) in Figure 30.1?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 2 and 8
D) 4 and 8
E) 10 and 12